A
recent study by the Stanford research team has concluded that the
immune cells send muscle injury signal to activate stem cell
regeneration.
Immune cells activate cells for muscle regeneration
and repair which will aid in treating muscle disorders. Studies indicate
that a gene Adamts 1 gets switched on in these cells. This is a secret
protein that activates satellite cells in case of muscle injury.
But
the Adamts 1 does not appear to produce the protein at the injury.
There is a white blood cell called macrophage (literally means eaters)
which is responsible in producing the protein at the injury site. They
travel to the wound and keep it clean and healthy by eating bacteria,
the dead cells and viruses. They also release protein to alert the
immune system to fight the infection.
While cleaning the wound it
also signals the muscle to regenerate. The Adamts 1 also nips a protein
known as NOTCH which is found on the satellite cell surface. NOTCH
indicates to the satellite cell to stay dormant. When Adamts 1 destroys
NOTCH, the satellite cell gets activated, and starts to divide and
transform into muscle cells.
There is a direct link between the
cells that clean the injury and they also signal it to start
regenerating and rebuilding the muscle that was destroyed. This facet is
present only in the uninjured muscles.
Macrophages release Adamts
1 which nips the protein of the NOTCH which keeps them in a restful
stage. When NOTCH is deactivated the cells start making new muscle.
Mice
that have been tested for this Adamts 1 have shown a curious case. It
is seen that they have more muscle damage and the muscle stem cells
reduce over time and Adamts 1 becomes less capable of repairing the
damaged muscle. More importantly it is just one cell that is able signal
to the muscle stem cells and stimulate it to differentiate muscle.
These
cells are also called muscle stem cells. These lay inactive and only
come into action when there is an injury and damage from it. The
satellite cell function breaks down due to aging and diseases like
muscular dystrophy. These satellite cells drastically reduce in number
and also cannot divide any longer which leads to muscle degeneration.
The
research also says that this plays an important role in its activation.
The study gives a deep understanding of muscle regeneration, and repair
that will help in the development of new treatments for various muscle
disorders.
Previous studies on a gene called Adamts 1 suggest that
it is turned on strongly in the activated satellite cells than the
dormant satellite cells. Most important is the fact that a single
protein is enough to send a signal to the muscle stem cells and
stimulate them and they can differentiate muscles. This makes it a
natural mechanism which can be manipulated to help support the efforts
of healing and building therapies to improve health drastically.
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